Beauty Flower: Flowers Wallpaper Background

Flowers Wallpaper Background

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These activities apparently require high body temperatures, because the beetles raise their temperature by a kind of “shivering” that involves heat-generating contractions of their flight muscles. However, the energy cost of this activity inside the floral chamber is some 2-4 times less than it would be outside, despite a chamber temperature only 4°C warmer than the outside air. While many non-thermoregulatory flowers offer energy in the form of nectar, starch or pollen to their insect visitors, thermoregulatory flowers can offer energy directly as heat. In return, the beetles transfer pollen each day from one flower to the next.

Temperature regulation is also important for proper floral development and pollination success. Artificially-enforced low temperatures reduce fertilization and seed set in thermoregulatory Nelumbo nucifera (Li and Huang, 2009). In vitro pollen germination rate and pollen tube growth rate in Symplocarpus renifolius are optimal at 23 oC, which is the regulated temperature, and decrease so steeply at higher and lower temperatures that pollination would be impossible at natural ambient temperature (Seymour et al., 2009). However, it is likely that the temperature sensitivities of developmental features have evolved in response to the primary thermal stability of the flowers, rather than vice versa. These activities apparently require high body temperatures, because the beetles raise their temperature by a kind of “shivering” that involves heat-generating contractions of their flight muscles. However, the energy cost of this activity inside the floral chamber is some 2-4 times less than it would be outside, despite a chamber temperature only 4°C warmer than the outside air. While many non-thermoregulatory flowers offer energy in the form of nectar, starch or pollen to their insect visitors, thermoregulatory flowers can offer energy directly as heat. In return, the beetles transfer pollen each day from one flower to the next.

Temperature regulation is also important for proper floral development and pollination success. Artificially-enforced low temperatures reduce fertilization and seed set in thermoregulatory Nelumbo nucifera (Li and Huang, 2009). In vitro pollen germination rate and pollen tube growth rate in Symplocarpus renifolius are optimal at 23 oC, which is the regulated temperature, and decrease so steeply at higher and lower temperatures that pollination would be impossible at natural ambient temperature (Seymour et al., 2009). However, it is likely that the temperature sensitivities of developmental features have evolved in response to the primary thermal stability of the flowers, rather than vice versa. Temperature regulation is also important for proper floral development and pollination success. Artificially-enforced low temperatures reduce fertilization and seed set in thermoregulatory Nelumbo nucifera (Li and Huang, 2009). In vitro pollen germination rate and pollen tube growth rate in Symplocarpus renifolius are optimal at 23 oC, which is the regulated temperature, and decrease so steeply at higher and lower temperatures that pollination would be impossible at natural ambient temperature (Seymour et al., 2009). However, it is likely that the temperature sensitivities of developmental features have evolved in response to the primary thermal stability of the flowers, rather than vice versa. These activities apparently require high body temperatures, because the beetles raise their temperature by a kind of “shivering” that involves heat-generating contractions of their flight muscles. However, the energy cost of this activity inside the floral chamber is some 2-4 times less than it would be outside, despite a chamber temperature only 4°C warmer than the outside air.

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